Twenty rulers besieged this rock across a thousand years, and each left something behind: Siegfried's chapel, Wenceslas's wall, Vauban's towers, a wartime railway platform. Three days tracing Luxembourg from 963 to the founding of Europe.
Four restored 17th-century houses hold a thousand years of city history, reached by a glass lift that descends through the bedrock. Scale models show the fortress at each stage of its growth and demolition. Open 10:00–18:00, Thursdays to 20:00, closed Mondays.
Begun in 1613 as a Jesuit college church, late-Gothic outside with a Renaissance west portal. Steps behind the choir descend to the crypt where the Grand Ducal family lies, guarded by two bronze lions cast in 1938. Open 10:00–17:00.
The oldest religious site in the city, founded in 987 as the castle chapel of Count Siegfried and rebuilt five times after fires, sieges and French bombardment. The Romanesque doorway and Baroque interior stand on the original settlement.
The 1390 city wall named for Duke Wenceslas II runs along the Alzette beneath the Rham plateau, past the Dinselpuert gate and three medieval towers. A signed circular route links ramparts, bastions and the valley floor.
Inside Fort Thüngen's restored 1732 casemates, some 600 objects trace Luxembourg from the Burgundian conquest of 1443 to the 1867 Treaty of London and the fortress dismantling. Open 10:00–18:00, Wednesdays to 20:00, closed Mondays.
Claus Cito's 1923 gilded Lady of Freedom honours the Luxembourgers who volunteered for the Allies in 1914–18. Nazi troops tore her down in 1940; the figure was rediscovered under a football stand and only restored to the plinth in 1985.
5,076 US war dead from the Ardennes counter-offensive lie on 20 hectares granted by Luxembourg in perpetuity in 1951. General Patton's grave stands alone at the head of the field. Open daily 09:00–17:00.
Luxembourg has hosted European institutions since 1952, when the Coal and Steel Community's High Authority first met here. The Schuman Building, the Court of Justice towers and the Robert Schuman roundabout mark that first chapter.
An 1873 patrician villa raised directly on the foundations of a Vauban-era fort, with the old casemate walls still exposed in the basement. The collection holds 17th-century Dutch and 19th-century French painting. Open 10:00–18:00, Fridays to 21:00.
The lower town where tanners and brewers worked below the ramparts, still lined with 18th-century workers' houses. Three Vauban towers guard the Alzette crossing, and a free glass lift climbs 71 metres to the plateau in under a minute.
The old Hollerich goods station is where more than 1,500 Luxembourgers were loaded onto trains for German resettlement camps between 1942 and 1944. The preserved waiting hall documents forced conscription and resistance.
Count Peter Ernst von Mansfeld built a Renaissance palace here in the 1560s, celebrated across Europe for its gardens and antiquities before being stripped bare after his death in 1604. Fragments of gallery and terrace survive on Rue de la Tour Jacob.